Shoot apical development during in vitro embryogenesisThis review is one of a selection of papers published on the Special Theme of Shoot Apical Meristems.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formation of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) has been extensively investigated in zygotic embryos of flowering plants, where it follows a prolonged and dynamic developmental pattern underlined by precise temporal and spatial changes in gene expression. Studies conducted on the plant model system Arabidopsis have revealed that SAM formation is controlled by a genetic network and involves the participation of several regulatory genes expressed at different stages of development. As a general rule apical meristem development in vivo occurs very early; at the globular stage of development in flowering plants and in club-stage embryos of conifers. Once formed, meristems of zygotic embryos are stable structures that become reactivated at the onset of germination. Shoot apical meristem formation during in vitro embryogenesis is demarked by structural events similar to those described for zygotic embryos, although differences can be observed during the late phases of development, where cellular differentiation and formation of intercellular spaces disrupt the architecture of SAMs produced in culture. These events, which denote the “unstable” nature of SAMs of somatic embryos, often result in poor conversion frequency and reduced plant regeneration. By using Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce) somatic embryos and microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. (canola) as model systems, this review provides methods for improving SAM formation through manipulations of the culture medium which alter the cellular redox status. Meristem marker genes from Arabidopsis, such as WUSCHEL (which is required for the acquisition of stem fate identity), represent a valuable tool for estimating the quality of SAM produced by microspore-derived embryos of canola. In spruce, the identification of two novel meristem marker genes, HBK1 and PgAGO, will allow similar studies in conifers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".