Maternal stress and development of atherosclerosis in the adult apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis. Stress during pregnancy (maternal stress) may have long-term consequences for the health of the offspring. However, it is not known whether maternal stress affects the offspring's predisposition to develop atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is often related to vascular endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that maternal stress affects vascular endothelial function and accelerates development of atherosclerosis in offspring of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, a model commonly used for atherosclerosis research. Stress was induced by restraining dams in small cylinders for five consecutive days (2 h/day) beginning on gestational day 8 +/- 0.5. Vascular function and development of atherosclerosis in the aorta were determined in male and female offspring at 11-15 wk of age (with early lesions) and at 22-26 wk of age (with established lesions). Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was determined using methacholine (0.0001-10 micromol/l) in the absence or presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME; 100 micromol/l). Male offspring (11-15 wk old) from stressed dams were less dependent on nitric oxide for relaxation compared with controls (l-NAME inhibition: 38 +/- 10 vs. 69 +/- 6%, P < 0.05). Atherosclerotic lesion area was larger in male and female 25- to 26-wk-old offspring from stressed dams compared with corresponding controls [median (interquartile range): males: 6.8 (5.4-7.7) vs. 5.1 (4.4-5.5), P < 0.05, females: 10.0 (8.9-10.9) vs. 7.0 (4.7-8.7), P < 0.05]. In conclusion, maternal stress renders the apolipoprotein E-deficient offspring more susceptible to develop atherosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".