Biologically incorporated dietary silver has no ionoregulatory effects in American red crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two silver-contaminated diets were prepared by exposing juvenile rainbow trout for 8 d to waterborne silver thiosulfate as Ag at either 0.1 microg/L (low-Ag diet) or 80 mg/L (high-Ag diet). The level of total Ag accumulated in whole low-Ag fish was below the detection limit of analysis. Whole high-Ag fish accumulated Ag at 21.3 nmol/g. The livers of the low- and high-Ag fish accumulated Ag at 0.43 nmol/g and 1.01 micromol/g, respectively. The Ag-contaminated fish were then fed whole to adult crayfish in an 80-d dietary study to determine the effects of long-term trophic accumulation of Ag. In a second experiment, the livers of the high-Ag trout were fed to juvenile crayfish for either one or five weeks. Accumulation of Ag was demonstrated in both adult and juvenile crayfish. Silver accumulation in juvenile crayfish peaked at approximately 650 nmol/g at three weeks, after which Ag depuration occurred. In adult crayfish that consumed the high-Ag diet, the hepatopancreas accumulated more than 90% of assimilated Ag, rising 1,000-fold over control animals to approximately 740 nmol/g at 80 d. Crayfish that consumed the low-Ag diet had small, statistically insignificant elevations of Ag in some tissues. Dietary Ag had no effect on juvenile crayfish growth or adult mortality. Disturbances in osmoregulation, which are normally associated with acute waterborne Ag exposure, were not detected. Dietary Ag also had no effect on hemolymph concentrations of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, or Cu; did not affect the concentration kinetics of Na+ or Cl- influx; and had no effect on the activity of gill Na+/K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. Hemolymph concentrations of glucose and lactate were similarly unaffected, indicating an absence of stress-related metabolic disturbance. However, a disproportionately low number of ecdysis events occurred among crayfish that consumed the high-Ag diet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".