Simultaneous pO<sub>2</sub> and HbO<sub>2</sub> measurement to determine absolute HbO<sub>2</sub> concentration for <i>in vivo</i> near infrared spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitors absolute changes in concentration of chromophores from an unquantified baseline. A change in oxygenation is required to obtain information. Clinically, knowing initial chromophore concentration is desirable. We sought absolute initial concentrations by combining NIRS measurements with simultaneous Eppendorf histograph measurement (absolute values of tissue partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)). Methods: There were 22 trials on 9 occasions in 2 adult volunteers. Following local anaesthetic, the histograph probe was inserted into the forearm muscle and NIRS optodes applied. A sphygmomanometer cuff was inflated over the upper arm to produce ischaemia and hypoxia. Change in pO2 was determined as a percentage of the initial pO2. Change in HbO2 was measured, and the initial HbO2 calculated by assuming the percentage change in HbO2 equaled the percentage change in pO2. Results: Mean percentage change in pO2 was 20.7 ± 9.6. Mean change in HbO2 was 22.4 ± 3.4 µmol/l(tissue). Calculated initial HbO2 was 146.4 ± 108.7 µmol/l(tissue), range 51 to 508 µmol/l(tissue). Correlation (r2) between pO2 and HbO2 was 0.97 ± 0.03. Conclusion: Although changes in pO2 and HbO2 were highly correlated, calculation of initial absolute concentration of HbO2 was not achieved by this method. A reliable method of obtaining absolute concentrations of HbO2in vivo remains to be found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".