Economic‐Environmental Tradeoffs in Swine Finishing Operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the cost effectiveness of 81 alternative manure management systems for a swine finishing operation in reducing three pollutants associated with livestock waste: ammonia, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results are presented in terms of the tradeoff between the levels of these pollutants (environmental indicator) and the economic returns to the producer. The levels of the three manure residuals cannot be reduced by more than half from the present levels under the profit‐maximizing system for each farm size. Further reduction would require changes in hog numbers to reduce the volume of manure and consequently residual levels. However, the feasible reductions in residuals can be achieved at relatively low cost. Larger farms tend to have lower abatement costs as the percentage reduction in residuals increase. The attempt to reduce more than one of the residuals simultaneously is complicated by the conflicting effects of alternative manure management systems on ammonia and nitrogen levels. L'étude évalue la rentabilité de 81 systèmes de gestion du fumier pour les élevages de porcs quant à la réduction de la concentration de trois polluants associés aux déchets animaux: l'ammoniaque, l'azote et le phosphore. Les auteurs présentent les résultats sous forme de compromis entre la concentration de polluants (indice environnemental) et le rendement de l'élevage pour le producteur. Quelle que soit la taille de l'exploitation, il est impossible de réduire la concentration des trois résidus du fumier à plus de la moitié de leur concentration actuelle dans un régime de maximisation des bénéfices. Pour réduire leur concentration davantage, il faudrait diminuer la taille du troupeau et le volume de fumier. Atteindre les réductions de concentration réalisables ne coûte cependant pas très cher. Dans les gros élevages, le coût des mesures de lutte contre la pollution a tendance à baisser avec la hausse de la réduction des résidus en pour cent. L'action contraire des différents systèmes de gestion du fumier sur la concentration d'ammoniaque et d'azote complique les efforts déployés pour réduire simultanément la concentration de plusieurs résidus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".