The coexistence of nocturnal sustained hypoxia and obesity additively increases cardiac apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: nocturnal sustained hypoxia during sleeping time has been reported in severe obesity, but no information regarding the cardiac molecular mechanism in the coexistence of nocturnal sustained hypoxia and obesity is available. This study evaluates whether the coexistence of nocturnal sustained hypoxia and obesity will increase cardiac Fas death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. METHODS: 32 lean and 32 obese 5- to 6-mo-old rats with or without nocturnal sustained hypoxia were studied and assigned to one of four subgroups: normoxia lean (NL), normoxia obese (NO), hypoxia lean (HL, 12% O(2) for 8 h and 21% O(2) 16 h/day, 1 wk), and hypoxia obese (HO). The heart weight index, tail cuff plethysmography, echocardiography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, TUNEL assays, Western blotting, and RT-PCR were performed. RESULTS: systolic and diastolic blood pressures in HO were higher than those in NL, and fractional shortening in HO was reduced compared with others. The whole heart weight, the left ventricular weight, the abnormal myocardial architecture, and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, as well as the activity of cardiac Fas-dependent and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway, were significantly increased in obese group or nocturnal sustained hypoxia group and were further increased when obesity and nocturnal sustained hypoxia coexisted, the evidence for which is based on decreases in an anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 level and Bid and increases in Fas, FADD, pro-apoptotic Bad, BNIP3, cytosolic cytochrome c, activated caspase-8, activated caspase-9, and activated caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS: The cardiac Fas receptor- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways were more activated in obesity with coexistent nocturnal sustained hypoxia, which may represent one possible apoptotic mechanism for the development of heart failure in obesity with nocturnal sustained hypoxia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".