Mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium in rat hearts under high-K<sup>+</sup> cardioplegia and pyruvate: mechano-energetic performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-K(+)-cardioplegia (CPG) and pyruvate (Pyr) are used as cardioprotective agents. Considering that mitochondria play a critical role in cardiac dysfunction, we investigated the effect of CPG on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and sarcorreticular (SR) calcium handling. Cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+), as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were assessed in rat cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy. Mechano-calorimetrical correlation was studied in perfused hearts. CPG did not modify JC-1 (ΔΨm), but transiently increased, by up to 1.8 times, the Fura-2 (intracellular Ca concentration, [Ca(2+)]i) and Rhod-2 (mitochondrial free Ca concentration [Ca(2+)]m) fluorescence of resting cells, with exponential decays. The addition of 5 µmol·L(-1) thapsigargin (Tpg) increased the Rhod-2 fluorescence in a group of cells without any effect on the Fura-2 signal. In rat hearts perfused with CPG, 1 µmol·L(-1) Tpg decreased resting heat rate (ΔH(r): -0.44 ± 0.07 mW·g(-1)), while the addition of 5 µmol·L(-1) KB-R7943 increased resting pressure (ΔrLVP by +5.26 ± 1.10 mm Hg; 1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa). The addition of 10 mmol·L(-1) Pyr to CPG increased H(r) (+3.30 ± 0.24 mW·g(-1)) and ΔrLVP (+2.2 ± 0.4 mm Hg), which are effects potentiated by KB-R7943. The results suggest that under CPG, (i) there was an increase in [Ca(2+)]i and [Ca(2+)]m (without changing ΔΨm) that decayed by exothermic removal mechanisms; (ii) mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake contributed to the removal of cytosolic Ca(2+), in a process that was potentiated by inhibition of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), and reduced by KB-R7943; (iii) under these conditions, SERCA represents the main energetic consumer; (iv) Pyr increased the energetic performance of hearts,mainly by inducing mitochondrial metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".