An apparent reversal in floral symmetry in the legume <i>Cadia</i> is a homeotic transformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within papilionoid legumes, characterized by flowers with strong bilateral symmetry, a derived condition within angiosperms, Cadia (Cadia purpurea) has reverted to radially symmetrical flowers. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this morphological reversal. Two orthologues of the floral symmetry gene CYCLOIDEA (CYC) demarcate the adaxial (dorsal) region of the flower in typical papilionoid legumes. In the model legume Lotus japonicus, one of these LegCYC genes has been shown, like CYC, to be required for the establishment of floral bilateral symmetry. This study shows that these genes are expressed in the adaxial region of the typical papilionoid flower of Lupinus, which belongs to the same papilionoid subclade as Cadia. In Cadia, these genes also are expressed, but the expression pattern of one of these has expanded from the adaxial to the lateral and abaxial regions of the corolla. This result suggests that the radial flowers of Cadia are dorsalized and, therefore, are not a true evolutionary reversal but an innovative homeotic transformation, where, in this case, all petals have acquired dorsal identity. This study raises a question over other putative reversals in animals and plants, which also may be cryptic innovations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".