Finite-Element Formulations for the Spatial Static Response of Steel Beams Bonded to a GFRP Plate
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study develops four finite elements (FEs) for the analysis of wide-flange steel beams reinforced with a glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) plate bonded together via an adhesive layer. The formulations treat each of the steel beams and GFRP plates as Vlasov-Gjelsvik thin-walled beams. Two elements are based on shear-deformable kinematics, whereas the other two are based on non-shear-deformable kinematics. The formulations capture the longitudinal-flexural and lateral-torsional responses of the system. Results are then compared with three-dimensional FE analysis solutions based on a current computer program, and the importance of incorporating shear-deformation effects is illustrated, particularly when predicting predominantly torsional responses. The formulation is used to investigate the interaction effect of the shear modulus of the adhesive layer and the length of the GFRP plate.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it