Impact of capitulum structure on reproductive success in the declining species <i>Centaurea cyanus</i> (Asteraceae): small to self and big to flirt?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attracting pollinators and achieving successful reproduction is essential to flowering plant species, which evolved different strategies to cope with unpredictable pollination service. The ability of selfing is most widespread and represents a reproductive insurance under varying conditions. In this study, we investigated reproductive success in Centaurea cyanus, a self-incompatible declining Asteraceae species. We measured seed set under outcrossing and autonomous selfing and assessed the impact of capitulum structure (i.e., the number of disc florets) on reproductive success. We report that the incompatibility system is either flexible or evolving a breakdown in this species, since autonomous selfing often resulted in production of few seeds. We also show that capitulum structure has a strong impact on reproduction, with smaller inflorescences presenting a better ability to self than larger ones, while larger inflorescences performed better than smaller ones when cross-pollinated. Variable capitulum structure in this Asteraceae species may therefore represent a reproductive strategy to achieve efficient reproduction under diverse pollination environments. Our results also suggest that this declining species might be disrupting its auto-incompatibility system in response to reduced habitats and declining population sizes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".