CO<sub>2</sub>Blood Oxygen Level–dependent MR Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reserve in a Clinical Population: Safety, Tolerability, and Technical Feasibility
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and technical feasibility of mapping cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in a clinical population by using a precise prospectively targeted CO(2) stimulus and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chart review was performed of all CVR studies from institutional review board-approved projects at a tertiary care hospital between January 1, 2006, and December 1, 2010. Informed consent was obtained. Records were searched for the incidence of adverse events and failed examinations. CVR maps were evaluated for diagnostic quality by two blinded observers and were categorized as good, diagnostic but suboptimal, or nondiagnostic. Outcomes were presented as raw data and descriptive statistics (means ± standard deviations). Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine interobserver variability. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-four consecutive CVR examinations from 294 patients (51.8% female patients) were studied. Patient age ranged from 9 to 88 years (mean age, 45.9 years ± 20.6). Transient symptoms, such as shortness of breath, headache, and dizziness, were reported in 48 subjects (11.1% of studies) during hypercapnic phases only. There were no neurologic ischemic events, myocardial infarctions, or other major complications. The success rate in generating CVR maps was 83.9% (364 of 434). Of the 70 (16.1%) failed examinations, 25 (35.7%) were due to discomfort; eight (11.4%), to head motion; two (2.9%), to inability to cooperate; seven (10.0%), to technical difficulties with equipment; and 28 (40.0%), to unknown or unspecified conditions. Among the 364 remaining successful examinations, good quality CVR maps were obtained in 340 (93.4%); diagnostic but suboptimal, in 12 (3.3%); and nondiagnostic, in 12 (3.3%). CONCLUSION: CVR mapping by using a prospectively targeted CO(2) stimulus and BOLD MR imaging is safe, well tolerated, and technically feasible in a clinical patient population.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it