<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>Genotype VGIIa Infection in Man, Japan, 2007
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report a patient in Japan infected with Cryptococcus gattii genotype VGIIa who had no recent history of travel to disease-endemic areas.This strain was identical to the Vancouver Island outbreak strain R265.Our results suggest that this virulent strain has spread to regions outside North America.C ryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are closely re- lated species of yeast; C. gattii was previously classifi ed as C. neoformans var.gattii (1).Although both species cause pulmonary or central nervous system infections, they differ in their ecology, epidemiology, and pathobiology.C. neoformans is the most common Cryptococcus spp.worldwide and mainly affects immunocompromised hosts.In contrast, C. gattii mainly affects immunocompetent hosts and often forms mass-like lesions (cryptococcomas).Multilocus sequence typing can be used to divide this species into 4 molecular genotypes, VGI-VGIV, which differ in epidemiology and virulence (1,2).C. gattii was believed to be restricted to tropical and subtropical areas such as Australia, Southeast Asia, and South America (1).However, in 1999, a C. gattii infection outbreak occurred on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (3), which has a temperate climate.During the Vancouver Island outbreak, most human, animal, and environmental isolates obtained belonged to VGIIa (major genotype, 90%-95% of isolates) and VGIIb (minor genotype, 5%-10% of isolates) (2,3).These strains have now spread to mainland British Columbia and the Pacifi c Northwest region of the United States (1,4,5).The potential for further spread of this strain, particularly the VGIIa genotype, is a serious concern because it is highly virulent in mammals and can infect immunocompetent persons (2).We report a case of cerebral cryptococcoma caused by C. gattii VGIIa (a strain identical to the Vancouver Island outbreak major genotype strain R265) in a patient from Japan who had no recent travel history to known diseaseendemic areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".