CD36 Mediates the Phagocytosis of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>–Infected Erythrocytes by Rodent Macrophages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phagocytic cells represent an important line of innate defense against malaria; however, little is known of the mechanism by which macrophages recognize Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes (PEs). Using macrophages from CD36 wild-type (WT), CD36-null, and CD36 transgenically-rescued rodents, we demonstrate a major role for CD36 in the phagocytosis of PEs. WT macrophages display enhanced phagocytic capacity for nonopsonized PEs, compared with that for CD36-null mouse and rat macrophages. Transgenic rescue of CD36-deficient rats restored macrophage phagocytic capacity for PEs. CD36 receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies and proteolytic cleavage of CD36 ligands from the surface of PEs inhibited the uptake of PEs. Up-regulation of rodent CD36 by use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma) agonists increased the phagocytosis of PEs. CD36-mediated uptake of PEs did not result in increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion, of which high levels are associated with adverse outcomes in malaria. These studies support the use of these rodent models to examine PE-CD36 interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".