Consumption of antibiotics in a small Pacific island nation: Samoa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High levels of antibiotic use contribute to development of antibiotic resistance. There is little known about levels of antibiotic use in Samoa, although anecdotally, there are high levels of use, and a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus may have developed there. The study aimed to gather basic data on levels of antibiotic use in Samoa. All those who import medicines into Samoa were interviewed; invoices, prescription records in hospitals, pharmacies and health centres were reviewed; and prospective observation was carried out in private pharmacies. Analysis of orders made in one year provided an estimate of overall antibiotic consumption of 37.3 Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitant days. Penicillins comprised 63% of DDDs used. Antibiotics were around a third of all prescribed drugs in hospitals and pharmacies, and 44% of those dispensed in health centres. Approximately two-thirds of prescriptions dispensed included an antibiotic. A quarter of antibiotic sales in pharmacies were without a prescription. Samoa has high rates of use of antibiotics and very high reliance on penicillins, compared to other developing countries. Levels of prescribing are high compared with other developing nations. It is feasible to calculate total consumption of medicines in very small developing nations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".