Mechanisms of monozygotic (MZ) twinning: A possible role for the cell adhesion molecule, E‐cadherin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monozygotic (MZ) twins account for about one-third of all twins. Most MZ twins arise sporadically but there are familial occurrences. The causes of MZ twinning are largely speculative but involve both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors could include cell adhesion molecules and factors involved in growth and differentiation of the placenta and fetus. In this study, we examine the possible role of E-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, in the causation of twinning. A common polymorphism in the E-cadherin gene reduces expression of E-cadherin by up to 68%. We examined the E-cadherin polymorphism in DNA extracted from placental tissue from 121 MZ twins, 99 DZ twins, and 93 singletons. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the E-cadherin polymorphism in MZ twins although there was a slight over-representation of homozygotes for the polymorphism in MZ twins. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that decreased E-cadherin expression alone is a causative factor in MZ twinning but it could be a contributory factor along with other genetic and environmental influences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".