Fine-Grained Versus Coarse-Grained Wave Ripples Generated Experimentally Under Large-Scale Oscillatory Flow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Wave ripples were generated in a wave tunnel under large-scale oscillatory flow (orbital diameter 1–4.5 m) using two different grain sizes, very fine sand and coarse sand. The geometry of bed configurations that were produced varied strongly as a function of grain size: small anorbital ripples (wavelengths ~ 10 cm, heights < 1 cm) formed exclusively in very fine sand at low oscillatory velocities, whereas large orbital ripples (wavelengths 50–350 cm, heights 7–26 cm) formed in both very fine and coarse sand, but were subdued, sharp- to round-crested, and 2-D to 3-D in very fine sand, and steep, sharp-crested, and 2-D in coarse sand. The large ripples in fine sand, if aggraded, would deposit low-angle (5–15°) cross stratification resembling hummocky cross stratification, whereas the large ripples in coarse sand would deposit high-angle (15–25°) cross stratification that might be mistaken for the deposit of a dune because of its high dip angle and large set thickness (> 5 cm). These results support the hypothesis advanced by Leckie (1988) that large waves generate markedly different stratigraphic signatures in fine-grained and coarse-grained sediment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it