Atmospheric sources for audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The energy sources for natural-source magnetotelluric (MT) frequencies > 1 Hz are electromagnetic (EM) waves caused by distant lightning storms and which propagate within the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. The properties of this waveguide display diurnal, seasonal, and 11-year solar-cycle fluctuations, and these temporal fluctuations cause significant signal amplitude attenuation variations—especially at frequencies in the 1- to 5-kHz so-called audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) dead band. In the northern hemisphere these variations increase in amplitude during the nighttime and the summer months, and they correspondingly decrease during the daytime and the winter months. Thus, one problem associated with applying the AMT method for shallow (<3 km) exploration can be the lack of signal in certain frequency bands during the desired acquisition in terval. In this paper we analyze the time variations of high-frequency EM fields to assess the limitations of the efficient applicability of the AMT method. We demonstrate that magnetic field sensors need to become two orders of magnitude more sensitive than they are currently to acquire an adequate signal at all times. We present a proposal for improving AMT acquisition involving continuous profiling of the telluric field only during the day-time and AMT acquisition at a few base stations through the night.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it