Hole growth as a microrheological probe to measure the viscosity of polymers confined to thin films
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We review recent hole growth measurements performed at elevated temperatures in freely‐standing polystyrene (PS) films, using optical microscopy and a differential pressure experiment (DPE). In the hole growth experiments, which were performed at temperatures close to the bulk glass‐transition temperature of PS, T = 97 °C, we find evidence for nonlinear viscoelastic effects, which markedly affect the growth of holes in freely‐standing PS films. The hole radius R initially grew linearly with time t before undergoing a transition to exponential growth characterized by a growth time τ. The time scale τ 1 for the decay of the initial transient behavior prior to reaching steady state was consistent with the convective constraint release mechanism of the tube theory of entangled polymer dynamics, while the characteristic hole growth times τ of the holes were consistent with significant reductions in viscosity of over eight orders of magnitude with increasing shear strain rate due to shear thinning. DPE measurements of hole growth on very thin freely‐standing films revealed that hole formation and growth occurs only at temperatures that are comparable to or greater than T , even for films for which the T g value was reduced by many tens of degrees Celsius below the bulk value. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B:Polym Phys 44: 3011–3021, 2006
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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