Declarative Memory after Stress in Humans: Differential Involvement of the β-Adrenergic and Corticosteroid Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the role played by the beta-adrenergic and corticosteroid systems in the modulatory effects of stress on declarative memory function, 42 young men were administered a placebo, propranolol (beta-adrenergic blocker), or metyrapone (corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor) before being submitted to a psychological stress protocol. Immediately after stress, subjects viewed a neutral story, unrelated to the stressor. Short- (5 min post learning) and long-term (1 wk post learning) recall of the story was assessed. Placebo and propranolol groups showed significant stress-related increases in corticosteroid levels, whereas metyrapone prevented corticosteroid reactivity to the stressor. Stress triggered significant elevations in cardiac activity (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels) in all three groups, with the metyrapone group showing the strongest elevation in heart rate levels in response to stress. Compared with placebo, propranolol had no effect on short- and long-term recall of the story learned after stress, whereas metyrapone impaired short-term recall of the story, with no further effects on long-term declarative memory. These results suggest that, contrary to the beta-adrenergic system, the corticosteroid system is implicated in declarative memory function after stress in humans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".