Analysis of Wood-Framed Roof Failures under Realistic Hurricane Wind Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Typical North American wood frame houses have trusses that are toe-nailed to the wall top-plates. In order to develop models of roof failures for such structures, considering the effects of wind speed, direction and duration for a storm, as well as the structural details, knowledge of the load sharing and how it is altered by the nail slip at each of the connections is required. The objective of the current paper is to quantify the changes in load sharing during nail/connection slip. This is achieved by simplifying the roof structure to the essential components of a beam, which bends elastically in the direction normal to the trusses, and real, toe-nailed connections. Test results for a single "roof stiffness" and truss spacing show that significant load sharing is not observed until permanent displacements (i.e., damage) to a connection occur. Dynamic load tests, with the same time-varying load applied to each connection, have shown that the load sharing increases with the damage accumulation to each of the connections and changes continuously. Ultimately, this information will be used in the development of analytical models that are able to consider storm duration effects on the performance and failure of wood-frame houses in extreme winds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".