Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The results of in situ observations of the relative humidity in liquid, mixed, and ice clouds typically stratiform in nature and associated with mesoscale frontal systems at temperatures −45°C < Ta < −5°C are presented. The data were collected with the help of instrumentation deployed on the National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580. The length of sampled in-cloud space is approximately 23 × 103 km. The liquid sensor was calibrated in liquid clouds with the assumption that the air in liquid clouds is saturated with respect to water. It was found that the relative humidity in mixed-phase clouds is close to saturation over water in the temperature range from −5° to −35°C for an averaging scale of 100 m. In ice clouds the relative humidity over ice is not necessarily equal to 100%, and it may be either lower or higher than saturation over ice, but it is always lower than saturation over water. On average the relative humidity in ice clouds increases with a decrease of temperature. At −40°C the relative humidity over ice is midway between saturation over ice and liquid. A parameterization for the relative humidity in ice clouds is suggested. A large fraction of ice clouds was found to be undersaturated with respect to ice. The fraction of ice clouds undersaturated with respect to ice increases toward warmer temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".