Metabolic fright responses of different-sized largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) to two avian predators show variations in nonlethal energetic costs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, researchers have identified that nonlethal costs of predation may arise not only from lost energy intake but also potentially from increased energetic expenditure. During periods of heightened stress following unsuccessful predation attempts, organisms may remain in an altered physiological state with elevated metabolism for some time. Few studies have quantified these nonlethal energetic costs of predation. We monitored the cardiac response (cardiac output (Q), heart rate (fH), and stroke volume (SVH)) of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, ranging in size from 200 to 425 mm, to simulated avian predation attempts by great blue heron, Ardea herodias, and osprey, Pandion haliaetus. Fear bradycardia during a 30-s predation attempt varied depending upon the size of the fish and the type of predator. The magnitude of the bradycardia decreased with increasing size of the fish; however, the disturbances were more extreme in response to osprey than to blue heron models. Maximal cardiac disturbance following simulated predation attempts by osprey were consistent among size classes of bass. However, the magnitude of the disturbance following heron predation attempts reduced as the size of the fish increased. Size-specific trends were even more extreme for cardiac-recovery durations. Largemouth bass of all sizes exposed to osprey predation attempts required ~40 min for Q and fH and ~30 min for SVH to return to predisturbance levels. Although small bass exposed to heron predation attempts required recovery times similar to fish exposed to osprey predation attempts, as the size of largemouth bass exposed to the heron model increased above ~300 mm, the recovery time decreased significantly. We conclude that the size-specific response of largemouth bass to different predators is reflective of their ability to assess the risk posed by different predators. In addition, the nonlethal costs of predation can be substantial and should be considered in future bioenergetics models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".