Independent Association of Chronic Smoking and Abstinence With Suicide
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The study examined whether chronic exposure to nicotine is independently associated with suicide. METHODS: Data from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey in the United States were analyzed by using a case-control design. Data for 989 suicide decedents were compared with data for 3,125 accident and homicide decedents. Inclusion criteria were ever smoking 100 cigarettes and white or black race. The exclusion criterion was death from natural or undetermined causes. Three smoking parameters were compared: lifetime smoking duration, ever quitting, and abstinence duration. Covariates were the manner of death, which was derived from coroners' death certificates, and data pertaining to the last year of life, which was reported by next of kin, on depressive symptoms, alcohol and drug use, veteran status, having a firearm in the home, and living alone. RESULTS: In multivariate, fully adjusted analyses, longer lifetime smoking (≥ 41 versus ≤ 10 years) was associated with higher odds of suicide (odds ratio [OR]=2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.30-3.93). Quitting smoking was associated with lower odds of suicide (OR=.37, CI=.25-.55), as was longer abstinence duration (≥ 11 versus <5 years) (OR=.33, CI=.21-.52). These associations were observed only among males. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated a probable independent association between suicide and current smoking and longer lifetime smoking duration. The findings are additional grounds to investigate smoking as a possible independent cause of suicide.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it