Three-dimensional metacarpophalangeal joint kinematics using two markers on the phalanx
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A protocol for analysing three-dimensional metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint motion in vivo using two markers on the proximal phalanx is described. The analysis uses an assumption that the rotation of the phalanx about its own long axis is zero. In an experimental study 24 volunteers had surface markers applied to the dorsal surfaces of their hands and index and long finger proximal phalanges, with three-dimensional marker positions recorded in two hand and finger postures in an incomplete box design using a test-retest protocol. Kinematic parameters from the optoelectronic system were compared with those obtained from three-dimensional reconstruction of bone landmarks and of the marker positions identified on stereoradiographs. Pronation/supination angles obtained from bone landmarks showed high test-retest variability, reflecting the difficulty in obtaining reliable pronation/supination data in small bones without the use of implanted markers. Changes in MCP joint extension and deviation angles determined using two surface markers agree with those obtained from bone landmarks. The results indicate a reproducible protocol for tracking MCP joint motion using only two phalangeal markers, suggesting that the 'no-rotation assumption' can be applied without affecting measures of extension and deviation motion in the normal joint.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".