Influence of Cheyne-Stokes Respiration on Cardiovascular Oscillations in Heart Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In patients with congestive heart failure, Cheyne-Stokes respiration is accompanied by oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate at a very low frequency. It is not known whether these cardiovascular oscillations are primarily related to oscillations in ventilation or oxyhemoglobin saturation. We hypothesized that abolition of the ventilatory oscillations of Cheyne-Stokes respiration by CO2 inhalation would eliminate accompanying oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate but that elimination of hypoxic dips by supplemental O2 would not. We studied 10 subjects with heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep using frequency spectral analysis. During Cheyne-Stokes respiration, heart rate and blood pressure oscillated in association with respiratory oscillations at very low frequency. Inhalation of CO2 abolished Cheyne-Stokes respiration and associated oscillations in both blood pressure and heart rate. In contrast, inhalation of O2 sufficient to eliminate hypoxic dips had no significant effect on Cheyne-Stokes respiration, blood pressure (n = 6), or heart rate (n = 5). We conclude that ventilatory oscillations during Cheyne-Stokes respiration rather than oscillations in oxygenation per se powerfully induce heart rate and blood pressure oscillations. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is therefore one of the mechanisms that contributes to the very low-frequency oscillations in heart rate and blood pressure observed in patients with heart failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".