The Sonographic and Color Doppler Features of Retained Products of Conception
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the sonographic features of retained products of conception (RPOCs). METHODS: Cases of clinically suspected RPOCs referred for pelvic sonography between September 1994 and July 2001 were identified. Patient age, indication, gestational age at delivery, and days postpartum were recorded and sonographic findings were reviewed. Outcomes were determined from medical records and pathology reports. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-three cases were identified. Indications for pelvic sonography included vaginal bleeding in 82 (50%), pelvic pain in 77 (47%), and fever in 55 (34%). Gestational age at delivery ranged from 14 to 43 weeks (mean, 37 weeks), and the sonographic examination was performed from 0 to 95 days postpartum (mean, 21 days). Thirty-six patients underwent surgical intervention, and 28 of these had RPOCs. The remaining 127 patients were followed clinically. An endometrial mass was the most sensitive (79%) and specific (89%) sonographic feature for RPOCs. The isolated finding of either complex fluid in the endometrial canal or a thick endometrium measuring greater than 10 mm had low sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values. None of the patients with RPOCs had normal sonographic findings. The absence of an endometrial mass or complex fluid and an endometrial thickness of less than 10 mm were considered normal findings. Color Doppler flow was detected in the endometrium somewhat more often when RPOCs were present than in the absence of RPOCs (75% versus 40%). CONCLUSIONS: An endometrial mass is the most sensitive finding for RPOCs. If no mass or endometrial fluid is seen and the endometrial thickness is less than 10 mm, RPOCs are extremely unlikely. The absence of blood flow does not exclude the diagnosis of RPOCs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it