Assessment of Thoracic Kyphosis Using the Flexicurve for Individuals with Osteoporosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thoracic kyphosis is one of the manifestations of spinal osteoporosis. Since kyphosis is associated with patient symptoms and is a risk factor for loss of function, it would be beneficial to have simple, noninvasive measurement techniques that can be applied in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability of the measurement of thoracic kyphosis using the flexicurve ruler in individuals with osteoporosis. Twenty-six females (mean age, 67 yr) diagnosed with osteoporosis had measurements of kyphosis taken in standing by aligning a flexible drafting ruler before and after a 12-week exercise program. The time period was chosen to be consistent with the duration of a physiotherapy intervention. Measures of kyphosis height (cm), length (cm), and an index of kyphosis (height/length) were recorded. Data analysis (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC]) indicated that the reliability between the trials of the measurement of kyphosis height (0.89) and index of kyphosis (0.93) were high; however, the reliability estimate of kyphosis length was less with an ICC value of (0.54). This study supports the use of the flexicurve ruler for the measurement of kyphosis in elderly women with osteoporosis based on reliability outcomes and the fact that it is noninvasive, inexpensive, and easy to use in a clinical setting. The measurement of kyphosis may be used to determine the response to a therapeutic intervention and in monitoring kyphotic progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".