Managing Canada Thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense</i>) in a Constructed Grassland with Aminopyralid and Prescribed Fire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Green spaces such as golf courses that intermingle within or exist on fringes of urban landscapes can provide opportunities for increasing the ecological value of urban areas. To that end, more naturalistic and less input-intensive “links”-style golf courses have recently gained favor over input-intensive parkland courses. The Osgood Public Golf Course in Fargo, ND is a links-style golf course set adjacent to suburban housing developments. This course incorporated large areas of prairie plantings, or “constructed grasslands,” which over time became dominated by fescue species and infested with Canada thistle. Our objective was to explore the efficacy of using prescribed fire combined with aminopyralid herbicide to control Canada thistle and promote a more diverse mix of warm-season C4 and cool-season C3 grasses. Aminopyralid was applied during fall 2010 and prescribed fire was applied during spring 2011. We found that aminopyralid provided excellent control of Canada thistle 1 and 2 yr post-treatment. Open niches created from Canada thistle control were readily filled by C3 grasses, primarily fescue species, which were the dominant species on the constructed grasslands prior to treatment. Fire intensity was variable within and across plots and was associated with reductions of litter and C3 grasses, but was not associated with increases of C4 grasses within the time frame of this study. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of aminopyralid for Canada thistle control in constructed grasslands. Prescribed fire maintained C3 grass dominance while removing litter, but C4 grass response was variable and appeared dependent on pretreatment C4 species abundance. Reduction of litter in constructed grasslands dominated by fescue could potentially lead to microsite conditions that would favor C4 and other C3 species, especially if short-term management promoted additional facilitation efforts, such as repeat spring fire treatments and seeding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".