Mind – Body – Environment: George Engel's Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosomatic Medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of George Engel's psychoanalytic approach and contributions to psychosomatic medicine. METHODS: Engel's publications were reviewed to identify his use of psychoanalytic methods and concepts to explore and conceptualize the interrelationships among mind, body and environment in health and disease. RESULTS: Engel's contributions include an interviewing method for accessing psychological data; insights into the psychobiology of anaclitic depression; a psychosomatic theory concerning the influence of relationships and loss on susceptibility to disease; an elucidation of psychodynamic factors in the pathogenesis of chronic pain; and a longitudinal self-analytic study of anniversary reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Engel successfully bridged the disciplines of medicine, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis, and broadened the scope of psychosomatic research and clinical practice by identifying the role of interpersonal relationships throughout life in regulating mental and bodily processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".