Characterization of ADN and ADN‐Based Propellants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), NH4N(NO2)2 is being considered as one of the potential new energetic oxidizers for composite propellants. In this study, ADN crystals, prills and two ADN‐based propellants having different relative amounts of ingredients were characterized. The concentration of the crystals and the prills samples was determined using ion chromatography. The thermal behavior of the crystals, prills and propellants was studied using DSC, simultaneous TG‐DTA‐FTIR‐MS, ARC (accelerating rate calorimeter), HFC (heat flux calorimeter) and INC (isothermal nanocalorimeter). Decomposition of ADN was observed from all of the samples at temperatures above the melting point of ADN (~ 92 °C). Formation of N2O, NO2, H2O, CO2, CO, N2 and NO was detected during the ADN decomposition. The thermal stability of the ADN samples at temperatures below the melting point of ADN was studied. Early solid decomposition of ADN, which generates N2O and H2O, was observed at 60 °C. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and impact sensitivity of the ADN samples were determined. The crystals and prills are sensitive to impact, while the two propellants are relatively less ESD and impact sensitive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".