The PROTEKT surveillance study: antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> and <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> from community-acquired respiratory tract infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents data relating to Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from PROTEKT (1999-2000), a surveillance study that examined the susceptibility of respiratory pathogens to current and new antibacterials. Beta-lactamase production is the principal mechanism of resistance to ampicillin and other beta-lactam antibacterials in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The PROTEKT study showed that globally, the prevalence of beta-lactamase production in H. influenzae varied considerably: of 2948 isolates, 489 (16.6%) were beta-lactamase-positive [range: 1.8% (Italy) to 65% (South Korea)]. Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) strains of H. influenzae were uncommon (<0.1%) but their very detection highlights the need for continued vigilance. Overall, few isolates of H. influenzae showed resistance to either macrolides or telithromycin. The emergence of clarithromycin-resistant strains is worrying, however, as such isolates may also show resistance to other macrolides. There was a geographical correlation between beta-lactamase production and the prevalence of resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline among the H. influenzae isolates. Of 1131 M. catarrhalis isolates, 92% were beta-lactamase-positive. Most isolates, however, were fully susceptible to nearly all the antibacterials tested, except ampicillin. The most active were ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (both having MIC(90) values of 0.03 mg/L), moxifloxacin (MIC(90) 0.06 mg/L), azithromycin (MIC(90) < or = 0.06 mg/L) and telithromycin (MIC(90) 0.12 mg/L). Overall, there were no concerns in terms of resistance to fluoroquinolones for both H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. In summary, the PROTEKT surveillance study confirmed the problem of widespread prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, although these pathogens generally remain susceptible to macrolides, fluoroquinolones and the new ketolide telithromycin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".