Changed cycling of P, N, Si, and DOC in Danish Lake Nordborg after aluminum treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Loading, retention, and in-lake cycling of phosphorus (P), nitrogen, silica, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were studied 1 year before and 3 years after P-inactivation by aluminum (Al) hydroxide in Danish Lake Nordborg in 2006. Simultaneously, external P loading was reduced by 40% via establishment of precipitation ponds in two inlets. After Al treatment, the internal P loading (sediment P release) during summer declined 90%–94%, owing to adsorption to aluminum hydroxide. Also, silicate regeneration from the sediment was reduced by 69%–76%, and sediment oxygen uptake as well as ammonium release declined markedly. Consequently, lake water total P, dissolved inorganic P, silicate, and DOC decreased by 73%, 97%, 87%, and 46%, respectively. The Secchi depth increased in the summer period during the first post-treatment year, but declined afterwards to pre-treatment levels, even though the mean lake-water total P concentration during summer was reduced from ∼240 µg·L–1before treatment to 26–65 µg·L–1in the first three post-treatment years. We conclude that a further reduction in external P loading is needed to obtain the full effect of the Al treatment in Lake Nordborg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".