Relative role of decreasing precipitation sulfate and climate on recent lake recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the last 2 decades, acidic sulfur (S) depositions and SO 4 concentration in surface water significantly decreased in many regions of the world, while at the same time temperatures have been increasing, particularly in the decade 1995–2005, which was one of the warmest ever recorded in the Northern Hemisphere. Understanding the potentially antagonistic or additive effects of decreasing S depositions and increasing temperatures on lake chemistry is essential to adequately evaluate the effectiveness of reduction programs for S emissions. By assessing the rate of change in climate variables, precipitation SO 4 and lake chemistry for 47 temperate and boreal catchments, we found that changes in climate, particularly higher annual temperatures, were more often correlated to lake's pH and alkalinity than was the rate of decreasing S depositions between 1989 and 2005. It suggests that the recent improvement in the acid‐base status of the studied lakes that cover a large area of northeastern North America as well as a large array of acid‐base conditions cannot be attributed solely to a decrease in SO 4 precipitation, but also to climatic variations. Not taking this information into account could lead to an overestimation of the benefit of lower SO 4 deposition on aquatic ecosystems recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".