Brain permeability of bilobalide as probed by microdialysis before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE. Bilobalide is an active constituent of Ginkgo biloba and has shown neuroprotective effects in mice with cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated brain permeability of bilobalide (i) in healthy mice and (ii) in mice before or after stroke. METHODS. We have used in vivo microdialysis and LC-MS to estimate extracellular levels of bilobalide. 10 mg/kg of bilobalide was given by i.p. injection to control mice, and 60 minutes before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RESULTS. Bilobalide was already detectable in brain striatal microdialysates 10 min after i.p. administration and reached maximum levels (19 ng/mL, corresponding to 0.92 µM) after 40 min. Maximum plasma bilobalide levels were 5.9 µM. After an ischemic insult, the drug could be dialysed with similar efficiency as in control mice indicating slow elimination from the ischemic brain. When the drug was given after MCAO, availability in the brain was low, but measurable, at approx. 10% of control values. CONCLUSIONS. Our data demonstrate that bilobalide easily crosses the blood brain barrier and reaches extracellular concentrations in the brain that allow efficient interaction with target molecules such as neurotransmitter receptors. Availability of the drug in ischemic tissue is high when given before ischemia, but severely limited after MCAO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".