A geographically diverse set of isolates indicates two phylogenetic lineages within<i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is a black mitosporic fungus capable of dense colonization of cellulose-based building materials such as drywall. The presence of S. chartarum in indoor environments has been reported as linked to a variety of alleged environment-related illnesses including infant acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, although there continues to be insufficient (especially exposure) data to support such associations. We investigated genetic variation among 52 morphologically and geographically diverse, indoor and outdoor isolates of S. chartarum sensu lato using molecular markers based on β-tubulin, calmodulin, elongation factor-1 alpha, and trichodiene synthase genes, as well as the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Gene genealogies proved concordant in dividing all isolates into two strongly supported clades. The majority of the variable sites separating these lineages were fixed within each of these clades, and there was no evidence of recombination between genotypes. The results of this study therefore provide strong support for the recognition of two phylogenetic species within S. chartarum sensu lato, and further demonstrate the limitations of morphological characters in delineating monophyletic taxa among morphologically simple fungi.Key words: Stachybotrys atra, cryptic speciation, calmodulin, elongation factor-1 alpha, trichodiene synthase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".