An efficient CMOS rectifier with low-voltage operation for RFID tags
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A high-efficiency CMOS rectifier for radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications is presented. Using an on-chip generated clock signal, a new switching scheme is proposed to enhance the power efficiency of the conventional 4 transistor (4T)-cell rectifier. By switching the gate of charge-transfer transistors to the intermediate nodes of preceding and succeeding stages, low on-resistance and small leakage current are obtained simultaneously. To further improve the low-voltage operation capability, an external gate-boosting technique is also applied to the proposed design which enables an efficient operation for input voltage levels well below the nominal standard threshold voltage of MOS transistors. The two proposed rectifier architectures are designed and laid out in a standard 0.13μm CMOS technology. For a 950 MHz RF input and 10 kΩ output load, post-layout simulation results confirm a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 74% at -10 dBm and 57%at -26 dBm for switched 4T-cell and gate-boosted switched 4T-cell, respectively. While the PCE of the proposed switched 4T-cell rectifier compares favorably with that of the state-of-the-art rectifier designs, the gate-boosted version achieves a relatively high PCE while operating with a very low input power.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".