Referred pain and hyperalgesia in human tendon and muscle belly tissue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sensitivity of tendon and tendon-bone junction is not fully described although these tissues have high clinical impacts. This study assessed (1) pain intensity and referred pain caused by hypertonic saline injection to the proximal tendon-bone junction (PTBJ), tendon and muscle belly sites of tibialis anterior muscle and (2) pressure pain sensitivity, pre, during and post hypertonic saline injections. Eighteen subjects (14 males and 4 females) participated. Subjects also had constant mechanical stimulation for 120s at 130% of baseline pressure pain threshold (PPT) during which VAS parameters were recorded. VAS parameters after hypertonic saline for PTBJ (VAS area, VAS peak), and tendon sites (VAS area, duration and time to maximum VAS) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than muscle belly. During hypertonic saline pain all three sites displayed local and frequently enlarged and referred pain areas. Hypertonic saline pain at the PTBJ and tendon transiently increased pressure sensitivity at these sites (P < 0.05). When referred pain was caused by mechanical stimulation it occurred predominantly at the PTBJ and tendon sites (86% cases). Constant mechanical stimulation caused steadily increasing pain (summation of pain) at all sites. Hypertonic saline pain at the tendon and PTBJ caused significantly higher (P < 0.001) final VAS scores compared to the muscle belly site. The results indicate the PTBJ and tendon sites are more sensitive and susceptible to sensitisation by hypertonic saline than muscle belly. Furthermore, there may be site specific central changes reflected by the differences in the results regarding sensitivity and summation over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".