EFFECT OF BIOMECHANICAL CONDITIONING ON CARTILAGINOUS TISSUE FORMATION IN VITRO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although tissue engineering of articular cartilage is a promising approach for cartilage repair, it has been difficult to develop cartilaginous tissue in vitro that mimics the properties of native cartilage. Isolated chondrocytes grown in culture typically do not accumulate enough extracellular matrix, and the generated tissue possesses only a fraction of the mechanical properties of native cartilage. One potential explanation for this might be that the cells are grown in an environment that lacks the mechanical stimuli to which the chondrocytes are exposed in vivo. In this study, we compared the long-term effects of both dynamic compressive and shearing forces on cartilaginous tissue formation in vitro. METHODS: Bovine articular chondrocytes were grown on the surface of porous ceramic substrates and were maintained under static, free-swelling conditions for a period of four weeks. Cultures were then subjected to six minutes of mechanical stimulation every other day, in either compression or shear, for an additional four-week period. RESULTS: Cartilaginous tissues cultured in the presence of intermittent compression or shear were significantly thicker (p < 0.05) and had accumulated more extracellular matrix (p < 0.01) compared with the unstimulated controls. However, when normalized by the wet weight of the tissue, cultures stimulated in the presence of shearing forces contained more proteoglycans and collagen compared with compression-stimulated cultures. These cultures also displayed the largest increase in mechanical properties, with a threefold increase in equilibrium stress and a fivefold increase in equilibrium modulus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study demonstrate that a brief application of mechanical forces applied periodically over a long duration can improve the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro. However, the changes in tissue composition and mechanical properties were dependent on the specific mode of the applied mechanical forces, with shear stimulation eliciting the greater effect. This finding suggests that chondrocytes may respond differently to different modes of applied forces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".