Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion‐related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently settled postlarval quagga mussels ( Dreissena bugensis ) and zebra mussels ( D. polymorpha ) were examined using optic microscopy to determine planktonic shell growth and size at settlement and metamorphosis from two habitats in Eastern Lake Erie: nearshore epilimnion and offshore hypolimnion. Postlarvae (shell length ~400‐2000 µm) were collected from various substrates between 1992 and 1995. Planktonic shell growth and size at settlement and metamorphosis were determined by measuring height of the prodissoconch I (PI) and prodissoconch II (PII) on right valves. Mean PI height was 79.07 (SD = 4.64) and 79.62 µm (SD = 4.28) for the quagga and zebra mussel, respectively, and did not differ between species or across habitats. There was, however, a distinct between‐species difference in size at settlement and metamorphosis (PII size), with larvae of the quagga mussel settling at significantly larger sizes than those of the zebra mussel (nearshore/epilimnion data: quagga PII means, 256‐284 µm; zebra PII means, 236‐249 µm). In addition, quagga mussel larvae settled at a greater size in the offshore hypolimnion habitat (PII mean = 313.64 µm, SD = 24.69, n = 320) compared to nearshore epilimnion habitat (mean = 261.89 µm, SD = 19.41, n = 207). The additional 28% of larval shell (PII) secreted by offshore hypolimnion quagga mussels may be linked to several factors, including a prolonged planktonic period. This study is the first to document the relationship between offshore distance and size at settlement in a bivalve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".