Frequency-dependent regulation of cardiac Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The activity of the cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1.1) undergoes continuous modulation during the contraction-relaxation cycle because of the accompanying changes in the electrochemical gradients for Na(+) and Ca(2+). In addition, NCX1.1 activity is also modulated via secondary, ionic regulatory mechanisms mediated by Na(+) and Ca(2+). In an effort to evaluate how ionic regulation influences exchange activity under pulsatile conditions, we studied the behavior of the cloned NCX1.1 during frequency-controlled changes in intracellular Na(+) and Ca(+) (Na(i)(+) and Ca(i)(2+)). Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange activity was measured by the giant excised patch-clamp technique with conditions chosen to maximize the extent of Na(+)- and Ca(2+)-dependent ionic regulation so that the effects of variables such as pulse frequency and duration could be optimally discerned. We demonstrate that increasing the frequency or duration of solution pulses leads to a progressive decline in pure outward, but not pure inward, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current. However, when the exchanger is permitted to alternate between inward and outward transport modes, both current modes exhibit substantial levels of inactivation. Changes in regulatory Ca(2+), or exposure of patches to limited proteolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin, reveal that this "coupling" is due to Na(+)-dependent inactivation originating from the outward current mode. Under physiological ionic conditions, however, evidence for modulation of exchange currents by Na(i)(+)-dependent inactivation was not apparent. The current approach provides a novel means for assessment of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange ionic regulation that may ultimately prove useful in understanding its role under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".