Spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton biomass and size structure in southern Quebec lakes: variation among lakes and within lake among epi-, meta- and hypolimnion strata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental control of zooplankton biomass size structure (53–100, 100–202, 202–500 and >500 μm) was investigated in the three limnetic strata of 25 southern Québec Shield lakes, Canada. Among-lake differences were the greatest source of variation of zooplankton biomass, whereas the strong lake–by–stratum interaction observed indicated that the vertical variations of zooplankton biomass and its size fractions were not constant from lake to lake. The analysis of spatial and local factors based on thermal strata is consistent with conceptual models of predation and nutrient control on the biomass and size structure of the zooplankton. Productivity of the aquatic systems, which was driven by lake depth, flushing rate and total phosphorus concentration, was the primary factor influencing total zooplankton biomass and size structure at among-lake scale in epilimnetic waters. The effects of the planktivorous fish on the large zooplankton biomass (>500 μm) was more clearly perceived when the effect of lake depth was removed by partial redundancy analysis. This study showed that although bottom-up and top-down forces are complementary in structuring of zooplankton communities, they can also act differently on the community attributes (e.g. biomass and size structure). Among-lake zooplankton biomass is predictable from lake trophy, but the size structure and vertical distribution of zooplankton communities appear to be controlled by lake stratification and by inference to interactions with size selective predation by fish. In metalimnetic waters, the 53–100 and 100–202 μm zooplankton biomass fractions were primarily dependent on abiotic factors, while the 202–500 and >500 μm fractions were related to planktivory and picophytoplankton concentrations. The well-oxygenated and cold hypolimnetic waters of some lakes offered a refuge from surface turbulence and planktivory to large zooplankton size fractions (202–500 and >500 μm).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".