Submillimetre constraints on hyper-extremely red objects in the Subaru Deep Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have mapped the submillimetre wavelength continuum emission from the Subaru Deep Field (SDF) at 450 and 850 μm with the Submillimetre Common‐User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) detector on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. The near‐infrared (IR) image of the SDF is one of the deepest near‐IR images available and contains four ‘hyper‐extremely red objects’ (HEROs). These data allow us to test the connection between ‘extremely red objects’ found in IR surveys and the population of bright submillimetre sources found with SCUBA. We present a weak measurement of the average flux of the four K′‐band selected HEROs of 1.15 (±0.46) mJy, which fails to support the hypothesis that HEROs should be bright SCUBA sources. Our data are consistent with the HEROs being objects with spectral energy distributions like that of Arp 220 out to z∼ 1.7, however, the extinction in the HEROs must be about 1 mag greater in the J band than is the case for Arp 220 and they would need to be 1.7 times as luminous as Arp 220. On the other hand, an evolutionary model of elliptical galaxies at z∼ 2–3 in a dusty starburst phase is also in agreement with the submillimetre data, as was originally proposed for the HEROs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".