Experimental Precipitation of Barite (BaSO4) Among Streamers of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Barite precipitation was induced by mixing sulfate and barium solutions to investigate conditions under which barite is most likely to be localized on microbial substrates, and hence most likely to preserve biogenic textures. Addition of sulfate solution to barium solution resulted in precipitation of intergrown platy, dendritic "angel wing," and microgranular barite in solution. Bacterial streamers and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) collected from a cold sulfur spring acted as loci for precipitation of euhedral bowtie, intergrown platy, and intergrown tabular barite crystals, and scalloped platy barite crystals when sulfate solution was added to barium solutions in which they were immersed. Desiccation of bacterial streamers previously exposed to barium solution also produced subhedral platy and elongate anhedral barite crystals on extracellular surfaces and EPS. Immersion of barium-exposed streamers in sulfate solution produced scalloped platy barite crystals distributed through EPS and forming radial strings around bacterial filaments. Accidental exposure of streamers to iron produced amorphous iron oxides, as well as novel single and intergrown mixed-oxygenation-state barite/FeS "sandwiches." Distinct barite crystal habits and textures were observed in experiments conducted with and without bacterial streamers, suggesting that microbes have potential to influence the petrography of barite precipitated in sulfate-limited microbially colonized environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".