Seismic evaluation and retrofit with steel jackets of reinforced concrete bridge piers detailed with lap-splices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent earthquakes around the world have confirmed the poor seismic behavior of reinforced concrete bridge piers incorporating typical pre-1971 reinforcement details. Since the 1971 San Fernando earthquake in California, procedures to evaluate accurately the flexural and shear behavior of reinforced concrete bridge piers, as well as retrofit techniques to address economically the most common deficiencies, have been elaborated. In eastern Canada, the majority of reinforced concrete bridge structures incorporate piers with similar reinforcement details as those that suffered severe damage, or collapse, during recent earthquakes in California and Japan. Very little research, however, has been conducted on the seismic behavior of these structures, which often exhibit complex cross-sectional geometries and lap-splices in the plastic hinge region. This paper presents a contribution towards a better understanding of the seismic behavior and retrofit of reinforced concrete bridge piers in eastern Canada through quasi-static tests performed on five 1/3.65-scale pier models of an existing bridge structure in the Montreal region. The first specimen was tested in its existing conditions, while the four others were retrofitted with steel jackets. The geometry of the jacket, the size of the gap at the base of the pier, and the properties of the fill material between the jacket and the original cross section were investigated in these last four tests. A numerical model, considering the bond-slip between the concrete and the longitudinal reinforcement, is proposed to simulate the experimental results. Key words: bond-slip, bridge piers, ductility, hysteresis loops, lap-splices, seismic retrofit, steel jackets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".