Primary determinants of macrophyte community structure in 62 marshes across the Great Lakes basin: latitude, land use, and water quality effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We collected water quality, land use, and aquatic macrophyte information from 62 coastal and inland wetlands in the Great Lakes basin and found that species richness and community structure of macrophytes were a function of geographic location and water quality. For inland wetlands, the primary source of water quality degradation was inputs of nutrients and sediment associated with altered land use, whereas for coastal wetlands, water quality was also influenced by exposure and mixing with the respective Great Lakes. Wetlands within the subbasins of the less de- veloped, more exposed upper Great Lakes had unique physical and ecological characteristics compared with the more developed, less sheltered wetlands of the lower Great Lakes and those located inland. Turbid, nutrient-rich wetlands were characterized by a fringe of emergent vegetation, with a few sparsely distributed submergent plant species. High- quality wetlands had clearer water and lower nutrient levels and contained a mix of emergent and floating-leaf taxa with a diverse and dense submergent plant community. Certain macrophyte taxa were identified as intolerant of turbid, nutrient-rich conditions (e.g., Pontederia cordata, Najas flaxilis), while others were tolerant of a wide range of condi- tions (e.g., Typha spp., Potamogeton pectinatus) occurring in both degraded and pristine wetlands. Resume : Des donnees recueillies sur la qualite de l'eau, l'utilisation des terres et les macrophytes aquatiques dans 62 terres humides des regions cotieres et interieures du bassin des Grands Lacs indiquent que la richesse specifique et la structure des communautes de macrophytes dependent de la situation geographique et de la qualite de l'eau. Dans les terres humides interieures, la source principale de degradation de la qualite de l'eau est l'apport de nutriments et de sediments cause par les changements dans l'utilisation des terres, alors que, dans les terres humides cotieres, la qualite de l'eau est aussi influencee par le contact avec le Grand Lac adjacent et les melanges d'eau qui s'y produisent. Les terres humides des sous-bassins des Grands Lacs d'amont, qui ont subi moins de developpement et qui sont plus expo- ses, possedent des caracteristiques physiques et ecologiques tout a fait particulieres, par comparaison avec les terres humides des Grands Lacs d'aval qui sont plus developpes et moins proteges, et les terres humides interieures. Les terres humides turbides et riches en nutriments sont caracterisees par le developpement d'une ceinture de vegetation emergente et la presence sporadique de quelques plantes submergees. Les terres humides de grande qualite possedent une eau plus claire, des concentrations plus faibles de nutriments et une combinaison de taxons de plantes emergentes et de plantes a feuilles flottantes, d'une part, et d'une communaute diversifiee et dense de plantes submergees, d'autre part. Certains taxons de macrophytes se sont reveles intolerants aux conditions de turbidite et de richesse en elements nutritifs elevees (e.g., Pontederia cordata, Najas flexilis), alors que d'autres tolerent une gamme etendue de conditions (e.g., Typha spp., Potamogeton pectinatus) et se retrouvent dans les terres humides tant degradees qu'intactes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".