A multiplier-free structure for 1-bit high-order digital delta-sigma modulators
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method and structure are presented for designing and realizing multiplier-free high-order 1-bit digital delta-sigma modulators for lowpass signals. A proven method incorporating empirical knowledge of stability is used to obtain the desired functionality. A close approximation of it is realized by a Lossless Discrete Integrator (LDI) ladder with powers-of-two coefficients and for which the Signal-Transfer Function (STF) is strictly unity. The major hardware requirements for a modulator of order N are 3N adders/subtractors and N registers. The resulting designs achieve close to the maximum possible performances reported in the literature. A 4/sup th/-order, 16-times oversampled Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) prototype displays an inband noise power level of -55 dB. Simulation of a modulator of order 6 and OSR set to 100 yields a 130 dB SNR.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it