Regional‐scale effects of eutrophication on ecosystem structure and services of seagrass beds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using large‐scale field surveys across 12 estuaries in two provinces in Atlantic Canada, we analyzed changes in phytoplankton and benthic macroalgal communities as well as the canopy structure of eelgrass beds and quantified their carbon and nitrogen storage with increasing eutrophication. As eutrophication increased, phytoplankton biomass increased on average 1.8 times and phaeopigments doubled. Among macroalgae, the epiphytic Ulothrix speciosa increased 40 times in New Brunswick, and benthic Ulva lactuca 670 times in Prince Edward Island covering 61% of the bottom. Eelgrass showed a significant increase in leaf length and declines in shoot density and aboveground and belowground biomass, consistent with increased shading by opportunistic algae. As eelgrass biomass declined, so did the carbon storage capacity of the habitat. Nitrogen storage only declined in belowground eelgrass beds due to increasing tissue nitrogen content above ground with eutrophication. Despite province‐ and species‐specific responses of primary producers to nutrient loading, principal component analysis revealed an overall shift from perennial eelgrass to opportunistic macroalgae and phytoplankton with eutrophication at the regional scale, indicating generalized eutrophication effects on primary producer assemblages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".