Apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, C-II, and H expression in the developing lung and sex difference in surfactant lipids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A sex difference in surfactant lipids is associated with a higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome for males in cases of preterm birth. In animal models, the sex difference in surfactant lipids was shown to be androgen receptor-dependent. This report examines expression of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, apoA-II, apoC-II, apoE, apoH, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) by quantitative real-time PCR in pools of male and female fetal lung tissues from various mouse litters from gestation day (GD) 15.5 to 18.5, and in various adult tissues. Although the expression profiles of ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-II, and ApoH are complex, these genes are co-regulated and they all present a sex difference (P=0.0896, 0.0896, 0.0195, and 0.0607 respectively) with higher expression for females for several litters. Pulmonary expression of apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoH were specific to the developing lung. ApoE and LPL mRNAs showed a significant increase from GD 17.5 to 18.5. An increase in apoA-I-, apoA-II-, apoC-II-, and apoH-mRNA accumulation was observed from GD 16.5 to 17.5 in correlation with the emergence of mature type II pneumonocytes. These four apolipoprotein genes are co-regulated with type 2 and 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, which are respectively involved in inactivation and synthesis of androgens. Finally, apoC-II was detected by immunohistochemistry in epithelial cells of the distal epithelium. Positive signals looking like secretory granules were located near the basal membrane. Our results are compatible with a role for apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism and transport in the developing lung in association with the sex difference in surfactant lipid synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".