Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a finite-element simulation of the interfacial flow during propulsion of water walkers such as fishing spiders and water striders. The unsteady stroke of the driving leg is represented by a two-dimensional cylinder moving on a specified trajectory. The interface and the moving contact lines are handled by a diffuse-interface model. We explore the mechanism of thrust generation in terms of the interfacial morphology and flow structures. Results show that the most important component of the thrust is the curvature force related to the deformation of the menisci and the asymmetry of the dimple. For water walkers with thick legs, the pressure force due to the inertia of the water being displaced by the leg is also important. The viscous force is negligible. An extensive parametric study is performed on the effect of leg velocity, stroke depth, leg diameter and surface wettability. The propulsive force is insensitive to the contact angle on the leg. However, the hydrophobicity of the leg helps it detach from the surface during the recovery stroke and thus decreases the resistance. It is also important for averting or delaying penetration of the interface at large rowing velocity and depth. In two dimensions, surface waves are more efficient than vortices in transferring the momentum imparted by the leg to the water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".