The Triumf 500 MeV cyclotron: present operation and intensity upgrade
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new series of experiments (mainly astrophysics) began at TRIUMF in July 2001 when the ISAC-I linear accelerator began delivering up to 1.5 MeV/u radioactive ion beams (RIB) to users. A superconducting linear accelerator extending the RIB energy to 6.5 MeV/u has recently been approved and is now being constructed (ISAC-II). Record RIB intensities are being achieved from different target ion sources with a primary incident proton beam of 500 MeV, up to 50 /spl mu/A intensity. This will later be increased to 100 /spl mu/A, compatibly with target acceptance. Furthermore, an additional 100 /spl mu/A extracted proton beam is being considered for simultaneous (RIB) production from a second target-ion source system. This would significantly enhance the research potential of the laboratory. Four simultaneous high-intensity extracted beams would therefore be required for a total maximum cyclotron accelerated current of about 400 /spl mu/A. Recently we have been able to deliver 300 /spl mu/A to the existing three high intensity beam lines at 90% duty cycle. The cw delivery of beam was limited only by the presently available external beam dump capacity. In this paper we will review the present operational experience at 200/250 /spl mu/A, the future plans for intensity upgrade to 350/400 /spl mu/A, and the intrinsic factors limiting the total accelerated intensity beyond 400 /spl mu/A.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".